Driving factor

Responses

Mean ± SE

Distribution of responses (%)

Elephant over-population

11

7.55 ± 0.81

Low: 9.1% Medium: 45.4% High: 45.5%

Unemployment and poverty

36

7.53 ± 0.33

Low: 5.6% Medium: 33.3% High: 61.1%

Human encroachment on elephant habitat

24

7.58 ± 0.54

Low: 8.3% Medium: 33.4% High: 58.3%

Drought and climate change

44

6.80 ± 0.37

Low: 11.4% Medium: 43.1% High: 45.5%

Increasing human population

15

7.67 ± 0.43

Low: 0% Medium: 33.3% High: 66.7%

Lucrative black market for ivory

29

6.07 ± 0.59

Low: 24.1% Medium: 34.5% High: 41.4%

Blocking of elephant immigration routes

9

6.56 ± 0.87

Low: 11.1% Medium: 44.5% High: 44.4%

Lack of economic incentives to people and poor policies

27

8.19 ± 0.39

Low: 7.4% Medium: 7.4% High: 85.2%

Habituation of elephants to humans and farms

13

7.85 ± 0.45

Low: 0% Medium: 53.8% High: 46.2%